qx-0010 · 美索不达米亚
乌特纳皮什提姆的洪水
众神闻到祭肉，像苍蝇一样聚过来
原文影录
原文已校照录公版文本，不改一字。异体字与阙文一仍其旧。
出 吉尔伽美什史诗 · 《吉尔伽美什史诗》第十一块泥板 · 译者 乔治·史密斯（George Smith, 1876，《迦勒底创世记》第十六章英译） · 核校出处
照录乔治·史密斯（George Smith）1876 年《迦勒底创世记》（The Chaldean Account of Genesis）第十六章的英译，行首数字为原书行号，罗马数字指泥板的栏。原书以点号（. . . 或 . . . .，视残缺字数而定）标示泥板残缺处；本条另以 …… 标示连续删节的行，以 〔阙〕 标示整行无存、无处可录。
Column I.
01. Izdubar after this manner also said to Hasisadra afar off:
02. I consider the matter,
……
08. Hasisadra after this manner also said to Izdubar:
09. Be revealed to thee Izdubar the concealed story,
10. and the judgment of the gods be related to thee,
11. The city Surippak the city where thou standest not . . . . placed,
12. that city is ancient . . . . the gods within it
13. . . . . . . their servant, the great gods
14. . . . . . . the god Anu,
15. . . . . . . the god Bel,
16. . . . . . . the god Ninip,
17. and the god . . . . lord of Hades;
18. their will he revealed in the midst . . . . and
19. I his will was hearing and he spake to me:
20. Surippakite son of Ubaratutu
21. . . . . make a ship after this . . . .
22. . . . . I destroy? the sinner and life . . . .
23. . . . . cause to go in? the seed of life all of it to the midst of the ship.
24. The ship which thou shalt make,
25. 600? cubits shall be the measure of its length, and
26. 60? cubits the amount of its breadth and its height.
27. . . . into the deep launch it.
28. I perceived and said to Hea my lord:
29. The ship making which thou commandest me,
30. when I shall have made,
31. young and old will deride me.
32. Hea opened his mouth and spake and said to me his servant:
33. . . . . . thou shalt say unto them,
34. . . . . . he has turned from me and
35. . . . . . fixed over me
36. . . . like caves . . . .
37. . . . above and below
38. . . . closed the ship . . .
39. . . . the flood which I will send to you,
40. into it enter and the door of the ship turn.
41. Into the midst of it thy grain, thy furniture, and thy goods,
42. thy wealth, thy woman servants, thy female slaves, and the young men,
43. the beasts of the field, the animals of the field all, I will gather and
44. I will send to thee, and they shall be enclosed in thy door.
45. Adrahasis his mouth opened and spake, and
46. said to Hea his lord:
47. Any one the ship will not make . . .
48. on the earth fixed . . . .
……
Column II.
03. in its circuit 14 measures . . . its frame.
04. 14 measures it measured . . . over it.
05. I placed its roof, it . . . . I enclosed it.
06. I rode in it on the sixth time; I examined its exterior on the seventh time;
07. its interior I examined on the eighth time.
08. Planks against the waters within it I placed.
09. I saw rents and the wanting parts I added.
10. 3 measures of bitumen I poured over the outside.
11. 3 measures of bitumen I poured over the inside.
12. 3 . . . men carrying its baskets, they constructed boxes
13. I placed in the boxes the offering they sacrificed.
14. Two measures of boxes I had distributed to the boatmen.
15. To . . . . were sacrificed oxen
〔阙〕
18. I collected like the waters of a river, also
19. food like the dust of the earth also
20. I collected in boxes with my hand I placed.
……
25. All I possessed the strength of it, all I possessed the strength of it silver,
26. all I possessed the strength of it gold,
27. all I possessed the strength of it the seed of life, the whole
28. I caused to go up into the ship; all my male servants and my female servants,
29. the beast of the field, the animal of the field, the sons of the people all of them, I caused to go up.
30. A flood Shamas made and
31. he spake saying in the night: I will cause it to rain heavily,
32. enter to the midst of the ship and shut thy door.
……
35. In the day I celebrated his festival
36. the day of watching fear I had.
37. I entered to the midst of the ship and shut my door.
38. To close the ship to Buzur-sadirabi the boatman
39. the palace I gave with its goods.
40. Ragmu-seri-ina-namari
41. arose, from the horizon of heaven extending and wide.
42. Vul in the midst of it thundered, and
43. Nebo and Saru went in front,
44. the throne bearers went over mountains and plains,
45. the destroyer Nergal overturned,
46. Ninip went in front and cast down,
47. the spirits carried destruction,
48. in their glory they swept the earth;
49. of Vul the flood reached to heaven.
50. The bright earth to a waste was turned,
Column III.
01. the surface of the earth like . . . . it swept,
02. it destroyed all life from the face of the earth . . . .
03. the strong deluge over the people, reached to heaven.
04. Brother saw not his brother, they did not know the people. In heaven
05. the gods feared the tempest and
06. sought refuge; they ascended to the heaven of Anu.
07. The gods like dogs fixed in droves prostrate.
08. Spake Ishtar like a child,
09. uttered Rubat her speech:
10. All to corruption are turned and
11. then I in the presence of the gods prophesied evil.
……
14. thus: I have begotten my people and
15. like the young of the fishes they fill the sea.
16. The gods concerning the spirits were weeping with her,
17. the gods in seats seated in lamentation,
18. covered were their lips for the coming evil.
19. Six days and nights
20. passed, the wind, deluge, and storm, overwhelmed.
21. On the seventh day in its course was calmed the storm, and all the deluge
22. which had destroyed like an earthquake,
23. quieted. The sea he caused to dry, and the wind and deluge ended.
24. I perceived the sea making a tossing;
25. and the whole of mankind turned to corruption,
26. like reeds the corpses floated.
27. I opened the window, and the light broke over my face,
28. it passed. I sat down and wept,
29. over my face flowed my tears.
30. I perceived the shore at the boundary of the sea,
31. for twelve measures the land rose.
32. To the country of Nizir went the ship;
33. the mountain of Nizir stopped the ship, and to pass over it it was not able.
34. The first day, and the second day, the mountain of Nizir the same.
……
38. I sent forth a dove and it left. The dove went and turned, and
39. a resting-place it did not find, and it returned.
40. I sent forth a swallow and it left. The swallow went and turned, and
41. a resting-place it did not find, and it returned.
42. I sent forth a raven and it left.
43. The raven went, and the decrease of the water it saw, and
44. it did eat, it swam, and wandered away, and did not return.
45. I sent the animals forth to the four winds, I poured out a libation,
46. I built an altar on the peak of the mountain,
47. by sevens herbs I cut,
48. at the bottom of them I placed reeds, pines, and simgar.
49. The gods collected at its savour, the gods collected at its good savour;
50. the gods like flies over the sacrifice gathered.
51. From of old also Rubat in her course
52. The great brightness of Anu had created. When the glory
53. of those gods on the charm round my neck I would not leave;
Column IV.
01. in those days I desired that for ever I might not leave them.
02. May the gods come to my altar,
03. may Elu not come to my altar,
04. for he did not consider and had made a deluge,
05. and my people he had consigned to the deep.
……
08. Let not any one come out alive, let not a man be saved from the deep,
09. Ninip his mouth opened, and spake and said to the warrior Elu:
10. Who then will ask Hea, the matter he has done?
11. and Hea knew all things.
12. Hea his mouth opened and spake, and said to the warrior Bel:
13. "Thou prince of the gods warrior,
14. when thou art angry a deluge thou makest;
15. the doer of sin did his sin, the doer of evil did his evil.
16. the just prince let him not be cut off, the faithful let him not be destroyed.
17. Instead of thee making a deluge, may lions increase and men be reduced;
18. instead of thee making a deluge, may leopards increase and men be reduced;
19. instead of thee making a deluge, may a famine happen and the country be destroyed;
20. instead of thee making a deluge, may pestilence increase and men be destroyed."
……
23. When his judgment was accomplished, Bel went up to the midst of the ship.
24. He took my hand and raised me up,
25. he caused to raise and to bring my wife to my side;
26. he made a bond, he established in a covenant, and gave this blessing,
……
28. When Hasisadra, and his wife, and the people, to be like the gods are carried away;
29. then shall dwell Hasisadra in a remote place at the mouth of the rivers.
30. They took me, and in a remote place at the mouth of the rivers they seated me.
白话直译
逐句对应的现代汉语直译，力求不增益、不修饰。
吉尔伽美什（原书作 Izdubar）隔着一段距离这样对哈西萨德拉（Hasisadra）说……开头几句残缺，只剩「我思量这件事」「我到你这里来」一类的断句。回答的人说：我把那件隐藏的事向你揭开，把众神的判决讲给你听。他讲起一座城，叫舒鲁帕克（Surippak），是一座古城，众神住在城里：安努（Anu）、贝尔（Bel）、尼尼布（Ninip），还有一位「冥界之主」（名字处残缺）。众神的意志在（残缺）之中显露出来，他听见了那意志，神对他说：舒鲁帕克人，乌巴拉图图（Ubaratutu）之子，照这个样子造一条船；〔阙〕「我要毁灭罪人」，把「生命的种子」全部装进船的中部。船要做成：长六百肘，宽与高各六十肘（这两个数字原书都加了问号，泥板此处漫漶）。他明白过来，对他的主埃阿（Hea）说：你吩咐我造的船，我造好以后，年少的和年老的都会嘲笑我。埃阿开口，对他这个仆人说：（残缺）你去对他们说……（残缺）他又对我说：我要送给你们的洪水，你进去，把船门转过来关上。把粮食、家具、财物、你的财富、你的女仆、你的婢女和年轻人，还有田野的走兽、田野的牲畜，我都要聚拢了送给你，它们都关在你的门里。哈西萨德拉（原书此处又作 Adrahasis）开口，对他的主埃阿说：谁肯造这条船呢……以下是残缺的数行。
船的建造：周长十四「measure」（原书未换算的巴比伦长度单位），框架也是十四「measure」。我架上顶盖，把它封闭起来。第六次我上船，第七次检查外部，第八次检查内部。我在船里靠水的一侧铺上木板；看见裂缝与缺损，就补上去。船外浇了三份沥青，船内也浇了三份。三〔阙〕搬运筐子的人造了箱子；我把他们献祭的祭品放进箱里。两份箱子的量，我分给了船夫。牛被宰杀献上……我把酒收聚起来，多得像河水；食物也多得像地上的尘土，一样一样收进箱子，亲手放好。我把银子、金子、一切「生命的种子」，全部弄上船；我的男仆、女仆、田野的走兽、田野的牲畜、「众人的儿子」，全都弄上船。沙马什（Shamas）定下了这场洪水。他在夜里说：我要重重降雨，你进到船的中部，把门关上。到那天，我在过他的节，那是守夜的一天，我心里怀着恐惧；我进到船的中部，关上了门。我把船交给船夫布祖尔-萨迪拉比（Buzur-sadirabi）去封舱，把「宫殿」连同其中的东西一并交给他。
「Ragmu-seri-ina-namari」升起来了，从天边铺展开来，又宽又远。风暴神 Vul 在其中打雷，Nebo 与 Saru 走在前面，抬王座的神越过山岭与平原，瘟神内尔各勒（Nergal）掀翻一切，尼尼布走在前面砸下去，恶灵带着毁灭同行，它们在自己的光辉里扫过大地；Vul 的洪水一直顶到天上，明亮的大地变成一片荒场。
大地表面像（残缺）一样被扫过，地上一切生命都被毁灭，（残缺）强大的洪水压过众人，一直顶到天上。兄弟彼此看不见，人们互不相识。在天上，众神也害怕这场风暴，四散躲避，爬到安努的天上去；众神像狗一样，成排趴伏在那里。伊什塔尔（Ishtar）像孩子一样开口，伟大的女主（Rubat）说出她的话来：一切都变成了腐败，先前我在众神面前预告了凶事；我预告了凶事，我的百姓就都被交了出去，我说过：我生下了我的百姓，他们却像鱼苗一样填满了海。众神陪着她为亡灵哭泣，众神坐在座位上一动不动，为了将至的灾祸把嘴唇捂了起来。
六天六夜过去，风、洪水、暴风压住了一切。第七天，暴风在半路上止息，那场像地震一样毁掉一切的洪水也静了下来；海被弄干了，风与洪水都结束了。我看出海面仍在翻动，全人类都变成了腐尸，尸体像芦苇一样漂着。我打开窗，光打在我脸上，我坐下来哭，眼泪流在脸上。我看见海的边界出现了陆地，陆地升高了十二「measure」。船一直漂到尼西尔（Nizir）地方；尼西尔的山把船拦住，船过不去。第一天、第二天，尼西尔的山还是那样。……第七天，我放出一只鸽子，鸽子飞出去，转了一圈，找不到落脚的地方，就回来了。我放出一只燕子，燕子飞出去，也转了一圈回来。我放出一只乌鸦，乌鸦看见水在退，就啄食、凫水、游荡开去，再也没有回来。我把牲畜放到四方去，倒了一杯奠酒，在山顶上筑了一座坛，剪了七种香草，坛底铺上芦苇、松木和 simgar 木。众神闻到那香气聚拢过来，闻到那好气味聚拢过来，像苍蝇一样围在祭肉上。
从古以来，女主在她的行程里——安努的伟大光辉造出了什么，当那些神的荣光挂在我脖子上的护符上时，我不肯放开它们；那些日子里我希望永远不放开它们。愿众神来我的祭坛，愿埃卢（Elu）不要来我的祭坛，因为他没有思量就降了洪水，把我的百姓交给了深渊。从古以来，埃卢在他的行程里看见了那条船，就满腔怒气地来到众神与亡灵面前：不许有一个活人出来，不许有人从深渊里逃生。尼尼布开口，对「战士」埃卢说话（原书作 the warrior Elu）：那么，除了埃阿，还有谁办得成这种事？埃阿知道一切。埃阿开口，对「战士」贝尔说话（原书此句作 the warrior Bel）：你这位众神之王、战士，你一生气就降洪水；犯罪的人让他自己承担他的罪，作恶的人让他自己承担他的恶，义的君主不该被剪除，忠诚的人不该被毁灭。与其你降洪水，不如让狮子增多，让人减少；与其你降洪水，不如让豹子增多，让人减少；与其你降洪水，不如降下饥荒，毁掉这地方；与其你降洪水，不如降下瘟疫，让人死去。
我等众神的判决——他们没有让我看透。他们给哈西萨德拉（原书此处作 Adrahasis）送去了一个梦，他听见了众神的判决。判决执行完之后，贝尔走上船来，握住我的手把我拉起来，又叫人把我的妻子抬起来，带到我身边；他立下约束，确立为约，并当众给了这样的祝福：哈西萨德拉与他的妻子、他的百姓，要被带走，变得像神一样；哈西萨德拉要住在远方，住在众水之源的河口。他们把我带走，让我坐在众水之源河口的远方。
AI 重述
以原文为骨架的文学重述。情节与结局依原典，仅语言与叙事视角重写。
他站得很远，先开的口。他要问的是不死；回答他的人已经不住在人中间了，他和妻子住在众水之源的河口。
那人说：我把藏起来的事讲给你听。
城叫舒鲁帕克，是一座老城，众神住在里头。众神有了决议，只有埃阿把话递出来：照这个样子造船，把一切「生命的种子」装进船的中部，长六百肘，宽与高各六十肘。这人不问缘由，只问了一句和永生无关的话：我造好以后，年少的和年老的都会嘲笑我。埃阿没有安慰他，接着交代的是清单：粮食、财物、女仆、年轻人、田野的走兽，都要关进那扇门里。
他照做了。第六次上船，第七次看外面，第八次看里面；见了裂缝就补，船外浇三份沥青，船内也浇三份。他宰牛、倒酒，酒多得像河水，食物多得像尘土；银子、金子、生命的种子、男仆女仆、走兽牲畜，全都上船。
夜里神说：我要重重降雨，你进去，把门关上。那天他还在过节：一边办着祭宴，一边心里害怕，天没亮就钻进船里，自己落了门。
风暴升起，从天边铺开。雷在中间响，两位神走在前面，瘟神掀翻一切，恶灵同行，洪水一直顶到天上。兄弟彼此看不见，明亮的大地被扫成荒场。
天上的众神也怕了，四散躲避，爬到安努的天上，像狗一样成排趴着。伊什塔尔像孩子一样哭喊：我生下的百姓，像鱼苗一样填满了海。众神陪着她哭，坐在座位上一动不动。
六天六夜。第七天，暴风止息，那场像地震的洪水静了下来。他打开窗，光打在脸上，坐下来哭。海面还在翻动，全人类都成了腐尸，像芦苇一样漂着。船漂到尼西尔，山把船拦住，过不去；一天，两天，到第七天还是那座山。
他放出一只鸽子，鸽子转一圈，找不到落脚的地方，回来了。他放出一只燕子，燕子也转一圈回来。他放出一只乌鸦，乌鸦看见水在退，就啄食、凫水、游荡开去，再也没有回来。
他把牲畜放到四方，倒酒，在山顶筑坛，剪七种香草，坛底铺芦苇、松木和 simgar 木。众神闻香而来，像苍蝇一样围在祭肉上。
恩利尔也来了，看见船还在，怒气填满：不许有一个活人出来。尼尼布反问他：除了埃阿，谁办得成这种事？埃阿当着他说：你一生气就降洪水。犯罪的人让他承担自己的罪，义的君主不该被剪除，忠诚的人不该被毁灭。你要罚，不如放狮子、豹子让人减少，不如降饥荒，不如降瘟疫。
再往后，恩利尔走上船，握住他的手把他拉起来，又叫人把妻子带到他身边，立下约，给出祝福：这两个人要像神一样被带走，住在众水之源的河口，他们把他带走，让他坐在那里。
说完这些，那人停了下来。听的人还站在远处；他要的东西，已经在河口了。
按语
编纂者就该条所见母题、异文与流传所作的说明。
这一条占住 B01 与 B02，但两部母题在这里都被写成了流程。全篇最不像宗教、最像操作手册的是装船清单：银、金、「生命的种子」、男仆、女仆、走兽、牲畜。B02 问「为什么救一个人就够了」，这个版本的回答是：一个人不够，所以还带上了他的妻子、仆人和一切种子——而名单上没有别人。另一个值得注意的细节是埃阿交代完毕后，这个人的反应不是敬畏，是担心被人嘲笑（Column I 第 31 行）。洪水的宣告在这里首先是一次社交风险。
与《创世记》的对勘。两处骨架几乎逐条对应：预告、造船、涂沥青（《创世记》作松香）、放鸟、水退后献祭。差别集中在三处。其一，放鸟的顺序：这里先鸽、再燕、最后鸦，鸦一去不回；qx-0011《创世记》里先放乌鸦，再放鸽子，鸽子放了三次，末次衔回橄榄叶。其二，献祭之后的场面：这里众神闻香而来，「像苍蝇一样围在祭肉上」，随即恩利尔到场发怒，要追究谁泄露了消息；《创世记》8:21 保留的正是同一个闻香场景，但把那句自白改成了承诺——不再因人的缘故咒诅地。其三，也是最分明的，是结局：美索不达米亚的幸存者被接到众水之源的河口，「变得像神一样」，成了一次不可复制的例外；希伯来的幸存者留在人间，拿到的是一个挂在天上的记号。第十一块泥板的这段故事之所以要讲给吉尔伽美什听，理由就在这里——它不是一个世界的解释，而是一次拒绝：那个名额已经用掉了。
灭世的理由被道德化以后。在《阿特拉哈西斯》里，恩利尔降洪水的理由是人类太吵，吵得他睡不着；这是一种近乎琐碎的行政理由。到了《吉尔伽美什》第十一块泥板，理由几乎不再说明，文本只留下埃阿对恩利尔的顶撞，以及恩利尔被写成那个失手的人。而《创世记》6:5 把理由写实了：人在地上罪恶很大，终日所思想的尽都是恶。把理由道德化，至少带来三个后果。第一，苦难变得可以解释——遭灾等于有罪，洪水从神的决定变成审判，幸存者与死者的位置因此可以被追问「凭什么」。第二，责任从神移向人：恩利尔式的失手不复存在，神反过来成了立约者，承诺不再这样做。第三，得救的资格从「某个神私下递一句话」变成「在神眼前蒙恩」，于是有了一套能写进书里、供后人对照的标准。代价同样清楚：《创世记》6:7 连走兽、昆虫、飞鸟一并除灭，道德理由覆盖不了它们的死。美索不达米亚的文本虽然也让所有人连带淹死，却保留了埃阿的抗议——不要把义的与恶的一起剪掉——并让他提出狮子、豹子、饥荒、瘟疫这四种「按比例」的替代方案。也就是说，早在《创世记》之前，两河的作者已经意识到全体的连坐不正当，只是没有把它变成一个普遍的约定。道德化的效果不是让死者变少，洪水里死的仍然是所有人；它改变的是这件事第一次可以被解释成应该发生的。
摩奴与丢卡利翁。《百道梵书》（1.8.1）里，摩奴洗手时得到一条小鱼，鱼长大、预告洪水，让他造船并把船系在自己的角上，把他拖到北方的山；水退后摩奴献祭，以苦行与祭祀重殖人类。希腊的丢卡利翁由普罗米修斯预警，与妻子皮拉乘箱漂到帕纳索斯山，洪水是宙斯对青铜时代的判决，两人抛石头造人。加上希伯来与美索不达米亚，四者共享一副骨架：一个被私下告知的人、一条船、一座山、一次献祭。差别在于幸存者带回了什么——印度带回祭祀与苦行，希腊带回新的人类种族，希伯来带回一个约，美索不达米亚带回一个活着的例外。洪水在印度近乎宇宙周期的一环，在希腊与希伯来是一次判决，只有在两河，它是一件被人原样讲出来的往事。
文本问题。第十一块泥板是这一组泥板里保存最好的一块，但残缺仍多，本条的引文里到处是点号（. . .、. . . .），那是 1876 年原书自己对残缺的标记，不是文字。史密斯本人的注记也值得留意：他明确说船的宽与高在铭文里相同，与《创世记》的五十肘、三十肘不一致；他在长度数字后加问号，说明他也知道自己读得没把握。同一段叙述里，讲述者时而叫哈西萨德拉、时而叫阿德拉哈西斯（Adrahasis）；今天我们知道这是同一个人物在两种传承里的名字——《吉尔伽美什》的乌特纳皮什提姆与《阿特拉哈西斯》的阿特拉哈西斯（意为「极其智慧者」）。此外，1872 年史密斯首次宣读这块泥板的译本，随后被逐条排成与《创世记》的对照表，本条的引文正出自他 1876 年的修订本；一批神名因而沿用了旧读法（Izdubar、Hea、Bel、Ninip、Vul），与今日通行的吉尔伽美什、埃阿、恩利尔、尼努尔塔、阿达德不同。同一块泥板上，众神先「像狗一样」蜷伏在安努的天上发抖，几天后又「像苍蝇一样」扑向祭肉：这种前后不一致没有被编订者抹平，它留在文本里，比任何一句神学说明都更能说明这些神是什么。