齐谐志怪者也

qx-0071 · 北欧

洛基化鲑

托尔抓住鱼尾,鱼尾从那一握起就窄了

编号
qx-0071
文化圈
北欧
年代
约1220
原文核校
已校
篇幅
约 16 分钟
洛基鲑鱼瀑布渔网变形追捕

原文影录

原文已校

照录公版文本,不改一字。异体字与阙文一仍其旧。

出 散文埃达 · 《散文埃达·欺骗古鲁菲》第50章(Gylfaginning, Chapter L) · 译者 Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur(1916) · 核校出处

〔据 Brodeur 1916 英译,第50章(L)。〕

"Then said Gangleri: 'Exceeding much Loki had brought to pass, when he had first been cause that Baldr was slain, and then that he was not redeemed out of Hel. Was any vengeance taken on him for this?' Hárr answered: 'This thing was repaid him in such wise that he shall remember it long. When the gods had become as wroth with him as was to be looked for, he ran off and hid himself in a certain mountain; there he made a house with four doors, so that he could see out of the house in all directions. Often throughout the day he turned himself into the likeness of a salmon and hid himself in the place called Fránangr-Falls; then he would ponder what manner of wile the gods would devise to take him in the water-fall. But when he sat in the house, he took twine of linen and knitted meshes as a net is made since; but a fire burned before him. Then he saw that the Æsir were close upon him; and Odin had seen from Hlidskjálf where he was. He leaped up at once and out into the river, but cast the net into the fire.'

"When the Æsir had come to the house, he went in first who was wisest of all, who is called Kvasir; and when he saw in the fire the white ash where the net had burned, then he perceived that that thing must be a device for catching fish, and told it to the Æsir. Straightway they took hold, and made themselves a net after the pattern of the one which they perceived, by the burnt-out ashes, that Loki had made. When the net was ready, then the Æsir went to the river and cast the net into the fall; Thor held one end of the net, and all of the Æsir held the other, and they drew the net. But Loki darted ahead and lay down between two stones; they drew the net over him, and perceived that something living was in front of it. A second time they went up to the fall and cast out the net, having bound it to something so heavy that nothing should be able to pass under it. Then Loki swam ahead of the net; but when he saw that it was but a short distance to the sea, then he jumped up over the net-rope and ran into the fall. Now the Æsir saw where he went, and went up again to the fall and divided the company into two parts, but Thor waded along in mid-stream; and so they went out toward the sea. Now Loki saw a choice of two courses: it was a mortal peril to dash out into the sea; but this was the second—to leap over the net again. And so he did: be leaped as swiftly as he could over the net-cord. Thor clutched at him and got hold of him, and he slipped in Thor's hand, so that the hand stopped at the tail; and for this reason the salmon has a tapering back.'

"Now Loki was taken truceless, and was brought with them into a certain cave. Thereupon they took three flat stones, and set them on edge and drilled a hole in each stone. Then were taken Loki's sons, Vili and Nari or Narfi; the Æsir changed Váli into the form of a wolf, and he tore asunder Narfi his brother. And the Æsir took his entrails and bound Loki with them over the three stones: one stands under his shoulders, the second under his loins, the third under his boughs; and those bonds were turned to iron. Then Skadi took a venomous serpent and fastened it up over him, so that the venom should drip from the serpent into his face. But Sigyn, his wife, stands near him and holds a basin under the venom-drops; and when the basin is full, she goes and pours out the venom, but in the meantime the venom drips into his face. Then he writhes against it with such force that all the earth trembles: ye call that 'earthquakes.' There he lies in bonds till the Weird of the Gods."

白话直译

逐句对应的现代汉语直译,力求不增益、不修饰。

〔据 Brodeur 1916 英译,第50章(L)。〕

甘格列里说:「洛基干成的事太多了:他先是让巴德尔被杀,接着又让巴德尔不能从海尔(冥界)赎回来。为这件事,有谁向他讨过债吗?」哈尔答道:「这件事是这样还给他的,他会记很久。众神对他发怒,正如可以料到的那样;他跑掉,躲进某座山里。他在那里盖了一所房子,有四扇门,好让他从房子里望见四面八方的动静。他常常在白天变成一条鲑鱼的样子,藏在一个叫弗兰安格瀑布(Fránangr-Falls)的地方;然后他就琢磨,众神会想出什么法子到瀑布里来捉他。可是当他坐在房子里的时候,他拿亚麻线打起网眼来,就像后来做网那样;他面前烧着一堆火。随后他看见诸神已经逼近他;奥丁从希利德斯凯拉夫(Hlidskjálf)上看见了他所在的地方。他立刻跳起来跑到外面的河里,却把网丢进了火里。」

「诸神来到那所房子时,走在最前面的是他们当中最聪明的那位,名叫克瓦希尔(Kvasir);他在火里看见网烧剩的白灰,就明白那东西一定是用来捕鱼的器具,并把它告诉了诸神。他们立刻动手,照着他们从烧剩的灰里看出、洛基所造的那张网的样式,给自己做了一张网。网做好之后,诸神来到河边,把网撒进瀑布;托尔握着网的一头,其余诸神握着另一头,他们拉网。可是洛基窜到前面,躺在两块石头中间;他们把网从他身上拉过去,发觉网前面有个活物。第二次他们上到瀑布,把网撒出去,并在网上系了重得什么东西都钻不过去的东西。于是洛基游到网前面;但当他看到离海已经不远时,他就从网绳上跳过去,跑进了瀑布。诸神看清了他去的地方,又上到瀑布,把队伍分成两部分,而托尔在中流涉水而行;他们就这样朝海的方向走。这时洛基看出有两条路可选:冲进海里是性命之危;另一条就是再跳过网去。他就这样做了:他用尽最快的速度跳过网索。托尔朝他抓去,抓住了他,而他在托尔手里滑掉了,以致托尔的手停在了尾巴处;正因为这样,鲑鱼才有一条向后收窄的尾巴。」

「现在洛基被捉住,不讲什么停战条件,被他们带进一个洞穴。于是他们取来三块扁平的石头,把它们立起来,每块石头上钻了一个孔。然后他们抓来洛基的儿子维利与纳里,又名纳尔维;诸神把瓦利变成一只狼的形状,它把弟弟纳尔维撕成了碎片。诸神拿他的肠子把洛基绑在三块石头上:一块顶在他的肩下,第二块在腰下,第三块在他的腿下;那些绑索变成了铁。然后斯卡迪取来一条毒蛇,把它固定在他上方,好让毒液从蛇身上滴到他脸上。可他的妻子西格恩站在他旁边,用一只盆接住毒液;盆满的时候,她就去把毒液倒掉,而在这段时间里,毒液滴到了他脸上。他因此拼命挣扎,力道之大,使整个大地都震动:你们把这叫作「地震」。他就在这绑索里躺着,直到诸神的命运到来。」

AI 重述

以原文为骨架的文学重述。情节与结局依原典,仅语言与叙事视角重写。

巴德尔死了。诸神没有立刻动手,他们先沉默了一阵,然后开始找洛基。

洛基比他们更早明白会发生什么。他跑到一座山里,盖了一所开着四扇门的房子,坐在屋里就能同时看见四面的来路。

他不总待在屋里。白天的大部分时辰他都在水里:变成一条鲑鱼,沉在弗兰安格瀑布底下。水流从高处砸下来,把水面搅成一片白,鱼身贴着石头,谁从上头看都只是一道影子。他一边躲,一边琢磨:如果他们真到瀑布里来,会用什么样的办法。

屋里的火一直烧着。他坐在火边,把一股亚麻线绕在手上,一格一格地打结。那时候世上还没有网,是他先想出来的。

然后他看见诸神已经到了近处,奥丁站在高处,看得见他所在的地方。他跳起来,冲出门,跳进河里。走之前,他把那张网丢进了火里。

诸神进了他的房子,最先走进去的是他们当中最聪明的克瓦希尔。他在火里看见一层白灰,那是网烧过的地方,灰上还留着一格一格的印子。他明白过来:这是一种抓鱼的东西。他把这个发现告诉了其他人。

他们照着灰上的印子做出一张网,抬着它下河,把网撒进瀑布。托尔握一头,其余的人握另一头,一起拉。

洛基在水里窜到网前面,钻进两块石头之间的缝里。网从他身上拖过去,他们觉出网前有活的东西。他们收了网,第二次上到瀑布上面,在网底坠了重物,重得连一条缝都不留。洛基又游到网前。这一次他已经能感觉到海的方向,水在那边变宽、变咸。他从网绳上跳了过去,落回瀑布里。

他们没有停。看清他落在哪儿,就把人分成两队沿两岸往下走,托尔自己在中流涉水,水没到他的腰。他们朝海的方向围过去。

洛基只剩两条路:冲进海里,他多半活不下来;另一条,是再跳过那张网。他跳了,用尽了全力。

托尔伸手一抓,抓住了他。

那条鱼在他掌心里一滑。滑掉的部分是尾巴,托尔的手就停在尾巴那里,再往前收不住了。从那一次起,鲑鱼的身子直到尾巴才收细——那一握留在所有鲑鱼身上,一直留着。

此后的事与鱼无关。他们把他带进一个洞穴,用他自己的儿子做成的绳索把他绑在三块石头上,那绳索后来变成了铁。斯卡迪在他头顶挂了一条毒蛇。西格恩站在旁边,端着一只盆接毒液;盆满的时候她转身去倒,就在那个空当里,毒液落在他脸上。他挣动起来,整片大地跟着发抖。

按语

编纂者就该条所见母题、异文与流传所作的说明。

一个形态,一次取巧。 D03 的界说写着「被追赶者不断变化形态逃命,追赶者一一对应地变,直到变形用尽被擒」。本条只兑现了最后半句:洛基不是变形用尽,他只变了一次,变作鲑鱼,然后输在一条尾巴上。抓住他的不是更高级的法术,是他自己身体的形状——鱼尾收窄,手心就滑。同母题的兄弟条目是希腊的忒提斯(qx-0070,同期入纂):佩琉斯抱住她,她一瞬间是火、一瞬间是水、一瞬间是一头野兽,换完了仍被按住,直到恢复原来的样子才就范。两条并排看,D03 内部其实有两种逃法。一种是形态的穷尽:变化是一份封闭的清单,用完了就没了,胜负由清单的长度决定,而终点是变回自己——如 qx-0070 所说,恢复原形就是投降。一种是形态的取巧:只选一种形态,胜负改由这种形态的物理性质决定——滑不滑、窄不窄。洛基从头到尾没有变回原形,他被绑在三块石头上时仍是那条鱼;打败他的不是「变回来」,而是「这一种形状本身就抓不住」。前者把命运写成限量,后者把命运写成手感。

为这种分歧付出的代价。 形态的穷尽不需要解释任何东西,火、水、野兽只是被略过的选项。形态的取巧必须留下凭证:神话得顺手交代一个物种的解剖特征,于是托尔的那一握被永久写进鲑鱼的身体,一条鱼成了那场追捕的物证——讲一个神怎么被抓住,顺便讲了鱼为什么长成那样。这是取巧这一路的便宜,也是它的负担:它把叙事抵押给了博物学,从此这条尾巴要替故事作证。

与 D01 的分界。 达佛涅(qx-0031)和阿拉克涅(qx-0032)也变形,但她们是人化为物,是一条路的终点:跑不动了,或者织赢了,于是变成树、变成蜘蛛,从此不再移动。D03 的特征不在变本身,而在有追赶者:变形是手段,追赶是框架,变形必须被叙述成一个正在进行的动作。本条的追赶者更有意思——他们用的是被捕者自己的发明。洛基在火边编出的第一张网,在他逃走的同一个下午被克瓦希尔从灰里读出来,照着样子复制,然后撒回他身上。追捕的工具是逃犯教的。

与相邻母题的边界。 本条第二个母题标为 H01(斩妖除怪)。严格说,这一节只走到「擒」:洛基被绑在三块石头上,毒液滴脸,直到诸神的命运到来,没有「斩」。若按 H01 的界说要求「有怪物、有对决、有胜负」,这里缺最后一步;把它挂在 H01 上,取的是「众神合力制服一个危害者」这一层,而不是字面的斩除。

文本问题。 本条的定型叙述出自《欺骗古鲁菲》第50章,紧接巴德尔之死:前文说,巴德尔火葬之后,一位名叫瑟克(Thökk)的女巨人拒绝为巴德尔流泪,人们认为她就是洛基。北欧的这部书里,洛基的堕落不是一次爆发,而是一长串恶作剧攒到最后一件。斯图鲁松写下这一节时,基督教已在冰岛立足两百年,而他照旧把一场神界追捕折进了一个民间博物学的答案里——鲑鱼为什么是那个形状。鲑鱼这一形象在本书别处也出现过,但那里它只是被捉住的猎物(《诗语》开头,洛基用一块石头打中水獭,同时得了水獭与鲑鱼),没有变形,也没有尾巴的来历;把托尔的一握固定成物种特征的,只有这一节。诸神用逃犯自己发明的工具捉住了逃犯,而鱼的解剖特征替这场追捕留下了一份可长期查证的物证。

校对注

逐条记录文本与排印层面的核对结果:底本讹字、异名、校补字。

  • 原文层第3段「be leaped as swiftly as he could」中的 be 应为 he,是 1916 年印本的排印之误;白话直译按 he 译,不改动原文层。
  • 原文层第3段「the salmon has a tapering back」:被托尔握住的那一段鱼身在握处开始向后收窄,「back」即「tail」所在的那一段。
  • 原文该段对洛基的儿子给了两种名字(Vili and Nari or Narfi),同段下文又用 Narfi 与 Váli 配对;各本写法不一,照录不改。
  • 原文层依 Brodeur 1916 英译第50章逐字照录,未作任何词语改动;段首章号 L. 保留在引用块内,方括号说明按规范置于引用块外。

同母题 · 他文化

参见