qx-0087 · 古希腊
珀尔修斯斩美杜莎
杀她的人不能看她，只能看盾上的影子
- 编号
- qx-0087
- 文化圈
- 古希腊
- 年代
- 约1—2世纪（伪阿波罗多洛斯）
- 原文核校
- 已校
- 篇幅
- 约 21 分钟
原文影录
原文已校照录公版文本，不改一字。异体字与阙文一仍其旧。
出 书藏（Bibliotheca） · 《书藏》第二卷 第4章 第1—3节 · 译者 詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽（James George Frazer），Loeb 古典丛书英译本，1921 · 核校出处
底本为 Frazer 1921 年 Loeb 英译《书藏》第二卷第 4 章；照录原译文，略去随文注号，尖括号内的编者补字径录为正文，节号沿用该本编次。
[2.4.1] When Acrisius inquired of the oracle how he should get male children, the god said that his daughter would give birth to a son who would kill him. Fearing that, Acrisius built a brazen chamber under ground and there guarded Danae. However, she was seduced, as some say, by Proetus, whence arose the quarrel between them; but some say that Zeus had intercourse with her in the shape of a stream of gold which poured through the roof into Danae's lap. When Acrisius afterwards learned that she had got a child Perseus, he would not believe that she had been seduced by Zeus, and putting his daughter with the child in a chest, he cast it into the sea. The chest was washed ashore on Seriphus, and Dictys took up the boy and reared him.
[2.4.2] Polydectes, brother of Dictys, was then king of Seriphus and fell in love with Danae, but could not get access to her, because Perseus was grown to man's estate. So he called together his friends, including Perseus, under the pretext of collecting contributions towards a wedding gift for Hippodamia, daughter of Oenomaus. Now Perseus having declared that he would not stick even at the Gorgon's head, Polydectes required the others to furnish horses, and not getting horses from Perseus ordered him to bring the Gorgon's head. So under the guidance of Hermes and Athena he made his way to the daughters of Phorcus, to wit, Enyo, Pephredo, and Dino; for Phorcus had them by Ceto, and they were sisters of the Gorgons, and old women from their birth. The three had but one eye and one tooth, and these they passed to each other in turn. Perseus got possession of the eye and the tooth, and when they asked them back, he said he would give them up if they would show him the way to the nymphs. Now these nymphs had winged sandals and the kibisis, which they say was a wallet. They had also the cap of Hades. When the Phorcides had shown him the way, he gave them back the tooth and the eye, and coming to the nymphs got what he wanted. So he slung the wallet (kibisis) about him, fitted the sandals to his ankles, and put the cap on his head. Wearing it, he saw whom he pleased, but was not seen by others. And having received also from Hermes an adamantine sickle he flew to the ocean and caught the Gorgons asleep. They were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa. Now Medusa alone was mortal; for that reason Perseus was sent to fetch her head. But the Gorgons had heads twined about with the scales of dragons, and great tusks like swine's, and brazen hands, and golden wings, by which they flew; and they turned to stone such as beheld them. So Perseus stood over them as they slept, and while Athena guided his hand and he looked with averted gaze on a brazen shield, in which he beheld the image of the Gorgon, he beheaded her. When her head was cut off, there sprang from the Gorgon the winged horse Pegasus and Chrysaor, the father of Geryon; these she had by Poseidon.
[2.4.3] So Perseus put the head of Medusa in the wallet (kibisis) and went back again; but the Gorgons started up from their slumber and pursued Perseus: but they could not see him on account of the cap, for he was hidden by it.
Being come to Ethiopia, of which Cepheus was king, he found the king's daughter Andromeda set out to be the prey of a sea monster. For Cassiepea, the wife of Cepheus, vied with the Nereids in beauty and boasted to be better than them all; hence the Nereids were angry, and Poseidon, sharing their wrath, sent a flood and a monster to invade the land. But Ammon having predicted deliverance from the calamity if Cassiepea's daughter Andromeda were exposed as a prey to the monster, Cepheus was compelled by the Ethiopians to do it, and he bound his daughter to a rock. When Perseus beheld her, he loved her and promised Cepheus that he would kill the monster, if he would give him the rescued damsel to wife. These terms having been sworn to, Perseus withstood and slew the monster and released Andromeda. However, Phineus, who was a brother of Cepheus, and to whom Andromeda had been first betrothed, plotted against him; but Perseus discovered the plot, and by showing the Gorgon turned him and his fellow conspirators at once into stone. And having come to Seriphus he found that his mother and Dictys had taken refuge at the altars on account of the violence of Polydectes; so he entered the palace, where Polydectes had gathered his friends, and with averted face he showed the Gorgon's head; and all who beheld it were turned to stone, each in the attitude which he happened to have struck. Having appointed Dictys king of Seriphus, he gave back the sandals and the wallet (kibisis) and the cap to Hermes, but the Gorgon's head he gave to Athena. Hermes restored the aforesaid things to the nymphs and Athena inserted the Gorgon's head in the middle of her shield. But it is alleged by some that Medusa was beheaded for Athena's sake; and they say that the Gorgon was fain to match herself with the goddess even in beauty.
白话直译
逐句对应的现代汉语直译，力求不增益、不修饰。
[2.4.1] 阿克里西俄斯（Acrisius）问神谕，怎样才能得到男嗣；神说，他的女儿会生一个儿子，这个儿子会杀死他。他害怕，就在地下造了一间铜室，把达那厄（Danae）关在里面看守起来。有人说她被普罗伊托斯（Proetus）引诱，两人由此结下怨仇；但也有人说，宙斯化作一股金流，从屋顶流进达那厄怀里，与她交合。后来阿克里西俄斯得知她生了一个孩子珀尔修斯（Perseus），不肯相信她是被宙斯引诱的；他把女儿和孩子一起装进箱子，丢进海里。箱子漂到塞里福斯（Seriphus）岸上，狄克提斯（Dictys）把男孩抱起来抚养。
[2.4.2] 狄克提斯的兄弟波吕得克忒斯（Polydectes）当时是塞里福斯的王。他爱上了达那厄，却接近不了她，因为珀尔修斯已经长大成人。于是他借口要为奥诺马俄斯（Oenomaus）的女儿希波达弥亚（Hippodamia）凑一份婚礼礼物，把朋友们连同珀尔修斯一起叫来。珀尔修斯此前说过，他连戈耳工的头也不肯推辞；波吕得克忒斯就要求别人送马，从珀尔修斯那里拿不到马，便命令他去把戈耳工的头取来。于是他在赫尔墨斯与雅典娜的引导下，去到福耳库斯（Phorcus）的女儿们那里，也就是厄倪俄（Enyo）、佩佛瑞多（Pephredo）和狄诺（Dino）；福耳库斯与刻托（Ceto）生了她们，她们是戈耳工的姐妹，生下来就是老太婆。三个人只有一只眼睛和一颗牙齿，这两样东西她们互相轮着传递。珀尔修斯把眼睛和牙齿拿到手；她们讨还时，他说，只要她们指出去宁芙那里的路，他就还。这些宁芙有带翅膀的鞋，还有「基比西斯」（kibisis），他们说那是一个革囊。她们还有那顶帽子（原文「帽子」前的「冥王的」是编者补字，译出以足文意）。福耳基得斯（Phorcides）指了路之后，他把牙齿和眼睛还给她们；到了宁芙那里，他拿到了所要的东西。于是他把革囊斜挎在身上，把鞋系到脚踝上，把帽子戴在头上。戴着它，他想看见谁就看得见谁，别人却看不见他。他又从赫尔墨斯那里得到一把金刚石的镰刀，便飞到海上，趁戈耳工们睡着时抓住了她们。她们是斯忒诺（Stheno）、欧律阿勒（Euryale）和美杜莎（Medusa）。只有美杜莎一个人是有死的；正因为如此，珀尔修斯才被派去取她的头。戈耳工的头上缠着龙的鳞甲，长着像猪一样的巨牙，手是铜的，还有金色的翅膀，靠翅膀飞行；凡是看见她们的人，她们就把他变成石头。于是珀尔修斯站在睡着的她们上方，雅典娜引导他的手，他把目光转开，望着（一面）铜盾，在盾里看着戈耳工的影像，就这样砍下了她的头。她的头被砍下时，从戈耳工身上生出了有翼的马佩伽索斯（Pegasus）和克律萨俄耳（Chrysaor），后者是革律翁（Geryon）的父亲；这两个是她与波塞冬所生。
[2.4.3] 珀尔修斯把美杜莎的头放进革囊，原路返回；可是戈耳工们从睡梦中惊起，追赶珀尔修斯——她们看不见他，因为那顶帽子遮住了他。
他来到埃塞俄比亚（Ethiopia），那是刻甫斯（Cepheus）做王的地方，发现王的女儿安德洛墨达（Andromeda）被摆出去，要给一只海怪作食。原来刻甫斯的妻子卡西厄佩亚（Cassiepea）与涅柔斯诸女比美，夸口说自己比她们都美；涅柔斯诸女因此发怒，波塞冬与她们同怒，降下洪水，又派一只怪物来侵扰那地方。阿蒙（Ammon）预言说，若把卡西厄佩亚的女儿安德洛墨达抛出去给怪物作食，这场灾祸就可以解脱；刻甫斯被埃塞俄比亚人逼着照办，把女儿绑在岩石上。珀尔修斯看见她，就爱上了她，向刻甫斯许诺：只要把救下来的姑娘给他作妻子，他就去杀那只怪物。条件立誓讲定之后，珀尔修斯抵住并杀死了怪物，解下了安德洛墨达。可是刻甫斯的兄弟菲纽斯（Phineus），也就是安德洛墨达先前许配的那个人，图谋害他；珀尔修斯察觉了这个图谋，把戈耳工显示出来，菲纽斯和他的同谋们当场变成石头。他回到塞里福斯，发现母亲和狄克提斯因为波吕得克忒斯的暴行，躲在祭坛上避难；于是他进了王宫，波吕得克忒斯正把朋友们聚在那里；珀尔修斯把脸转开，出示了戈耳工的头，凡是看见的人都变成了石头，各自保持着他当时恰好做出的姿势。他立狄克提斯为塞里福斯的王，把鞋、革囊和帽子还给赫尔墨斯，戈耳工的头则给了雅典娜。赫尔墨斯把上述几样东西还给宁芙；雅典娜把戈耳工的头嵌在她的盾中央。不过也有人主张，美杜莎被杀是为了雅典娜；他们说，这戈耳工想要与女神比美，连容貌上也要争一争。
AI 重述
以原文为骨架的文学重述。情节与结局依原典，仅语言与叙事视角重写。
这场差事是从一匹马开始的。
波吕得克忒斯是塞里福斯的王。他爱上了达那厄，却接近不了她，因为她的儿子已经长大。他借口要为希波达弥亚凑一份婚礼礼物，把朋友们都请来。别人送马，珀尔修斯没有马。他此前说过，连戈耳工的头他也不推辞。于是王不要他的马了，要他那句话。
珀尔修斯是被装进箱子丢下海才活到今天的：母亲抱着他，箱子漂到塞里福斯，狄克提斯把他养大。现在他要出海了。引路的是赫尔墨斯和雅典娜。
他先找到福耳库斯的三个女儿。她们生下来就是老太婆，三个人共用一只眼睛、一颗牙齿，轮着用。珀尔修斯把这两样东西拿在手里。她们讨还，他开出条件：指出去宁芙那里的路。路指了，眼睛和牙齿还了回去。
宁芙给他带翅膀的鞋、一个革囊，还有一顶帽子。戴上帽子，他看得见别人，别人看不见他。赫尔墨斯又给他一把金刚石的镰刀。
他飞到海上。戈耳工们正睡着。
三个当中只有美杜莎会死。她的头上缠着龙的鳞甲，长着猪一样的獠牙，手是铜的，背上是金色的翅膀。看见她的人会变成石头。
所以他没有看她。
雅典娜引导他的手。他把脸转向一边，眼睛落在铜盾上——盾面里有那个东西的影像。他照着影像动手，砍下了她的头。
头一离身，从她身上生出了有翼的马佩伽索斯，和克律萨俄耳。
他把头装进革囊，往回走。戈耳工们醒了，追上来；帽子遮着他，她们看不见。
回程经过埃塞俄比亚。一个姑娘被绑在岩石上，等着海怪来吃。她母亲与涅柔斯诸女比过美，夸口自己最好看；于是洪水来了，怪物也来了，神谕说要把女儿抛出去。珀尔修斯跟她父亲讲定：他杀怪物，姑娘归他。他杀了怪物，解下她。安德洛墨达先前许配给刻甫斯的兄弟菲纽斯，菲纽斯图谋害他；珀尔修斯察觉了，把戈耳工的头转过去给他们看。那些人保持着当时的姿势，成了石头。
回到塞里福斯，母亲和狄克提斯躲在祭坛边避难。他走进王宫，波吕得克忒斯正和朋友们聚着。他又把脸转开，出示了那颗头。
鞋、革囊、帽子还给了赫尔墨斯。头给了雅典娜，她把它嵌在自己的盾中央。
按语
编纂者就该条所见母题、异文与流传所作的说明。
本条的主母题是 H01「斩妖除怪」。就站内已有的 H01 条目看，此前只有三条：qx-0004 马尔杜克斩提亚马特（美索不达米亚）、qx-0014 女娲杀黑龙断鳌足（中国）、qx-0020 后羿射日兼诛六害（中国），中国占了两条。这一条补进第三个文化圈，而它带来的差异不在武器，在看不看。
与后羿射日（qx-0020）对勘：施力与避视。《淮南子·本经训》写后羿「上射十日而下殺猰貐」，力量一直是朝向对象的：射、诛、杀、缴、断、禽，动词逐一落在被处理的名字上。弓箭本身就是一种「看得见才打得中」的武器——射程存在的前提，是目标在视野里。珀尔修斯这一条把顺序整个倒过来：他不能看。戈耳工「凡是看见她们的人，她们就把他变成石头」，于是胜负的第一道关口不是打得过打不过，是能不能不看。阿波罗多洛斯写得很具体：雅典娜引导他的手，他把目光转开，望着铜盾，在盾里看影像，然后才动手。距离在这里不再是射程，是视线。中国的样本把灾祸写成「多出来的东西」需要被减掉，希腊的样本把灾祸写成「不能注视的东西」需要被绕开——一个考验力量是否够用，一个考验感知能否被自己关掉。
与提亚马特（qx-0004）对勘：在谁身上设限。 马尔杜克对付提亚马特也是「先让她失效，再动手」：用网堵住她，用恶风逼她张嘴，然后才把矛投进去。但那张网与那阵风是加在对手身上的；珀尔修斯的器物——铜盾、帽子、飞鞋、革囊——加在自己身上。帽子不伤戈耳工，它只让珀尔修斯不被看见；铜盾不挡攻击，它只让他不必直视。H01 的样本大多是「如何制服它」，这一条是「如何安置自己」。
以镜代目。 站内 H01 的其它条目里，没有第二例把「不看」本身写成本事。镜与倒影在世界神话里多半用于辨认或破除禁忌（照出真身、破了不许回头的规矩），此处却是一件保命装备，而且是唯一一件必须由英雄自己配合才能生效的装备——盾上的影像要有人肯去看，才谈得上「不看」。
H02 的第三种走向。 副母题是 H02「远征与寻宝」。与 qx-0060 吉尔伽美什对读：不死草从海底拔到手，回程被蛇吞掉，始终没有进埃雷克，宝物对人无效，账由他自己哭。与 qx-0077 伊阿宋对读：金羊毛到手并交了出去，代价写在别人身上——美狄亚背叛父亲、杀弟弟、最后杀自己的孩子；宝物到手，用掉了一个人。珀尔修斯这一条是第三种：宝物（首级本身）到手，带回，而且一直有用——菲纽斯与他的同谋被石化，塞里福斯王宫里的人被石化，最后它交给雅典娜、嵌进盾里，继续留在神的手中。远征没有毁掉同伴，归途上顺手救下的安德洛墨达，成了与他一同回阿尔戈斯（Argos）的妻子。同样是「到手」，吉尔伽美什得到的是一件对他失效的东西，伊阿宋得到的是一件只能付一次的价码，珀尔修斯得到的是一件能反复使用的武器——H02 的这三种走向，区别在宝物到手之后是否还被叙事继续调用。
文本问题。 其一，死与不死。阿波罗多洛斯写「只有美杜莎一个人是有死的」，处死她才是这趟差事的内容；赫西俄德《神谱》的说法相同——三个戈耳工中两个不死、不老，美杜莎有死，所以注定要被砍下头。美杜莎因此不是「可以被杀死的怪物」，她是三姐妹里唯一一个允许被杀死的。其二，出生。本卷只说她被砍头时「从戈耳工身上生出」佩伽索斯与克律萨俄耳，《神谱》也只用「她头被砍下时，生出伟大的克律萨俄耳和那匹马」；两处都不提血。「血中生」是后来更细的写法，本条按底本不取。其三，格赖埃的数目与名字各本不一：阿波罗多洛斯举三个（厄倪俄、佩佛瑞多、狄诺），《神谱》只举两个（佩佛瑞多、厄倪俄），第三个缺名。其四，盾。这一节只说雅典娜引导他的手，他望的是「一面铜盾」，没有说盾是雅典娜给的；把铜盾、镰刀、飞鞋的分配逐一系到某位神名下，是后世通行叙述补上的账。其五，本节末尾把「美杜莎是为了雅典娜才被杀」写成「有人主张」（it is alleged by some），阿波罗多洛斯把它摆在异说的位置；而雅典娜后来把首级嵌进自己的盾，则与荷马一系把戈耳工头挂上埃癸斯（aegis）的说法接得上。其六，本节为解释革囊一词，引了品达与《赫拉克勒斯之盾》的一句作旁证，属编者随文引录，原文层略去。