齐谐志怪者也

qx-0109 · 古埃及

克努姆与七年饥荒

尼罗河七年不涨,直到国王把欠神的份额刻上石碑

编号
qx-0109
文化圈
古埃及
年代
石刻托勒密朝(约前 3 世纪)伪托第三王朝;布奇英译 1912
原文核校
已校
篇幅
约 22 分钟
尼罗河七年饥荒立约什一税石碑

原文影录

原文已校

照录公版文本,不改一字。异体字与阙文一仍其旧。

出 诸神的传说(Legends of the Gods) · 布奇《诸神的传说》(Legends of the Gods, 1912)第七章〈克努姆神与七年饥荒的传说〉(A Legend of the God Khnemu and of a Seven Years' Famine;石刻在第一瀑布塞赫勒岛,1889 年发现,布奇断为托勒密朝伪托第三王朝) · 译者 埃·阿·沃利斯·布奇(E. A. Wallis Budge),1912(英译与转写,非逐字对译) · 核校出处

In the eighteenth year of the Horus, Neter-Khat, of the King of the South and North, Neter-Khat, …… of the Golden Horus Tcheser, …… there was brought unto him the following royal despatch: "This is to inform thee that misery hath laid hold upon me [as I sit] upon the great throne by reason of those who dwell in the Great House. My heart is grievously afflicted by reason of the exceedingly great evil [which hath happened] because Hapi (i.e., the Nile) hath not come forth in my time to the [proper] height for seven years. Grain is very scarce, vegetables are lacking altogether, every kind of thing which men eat for their food hath ceased, and every man [now] plundereth his neighbour. Men wish to walk, but are unable to move, the child waileth, the young man draggeth his limbs along, and the hearts of the aged folk are crushed with despair; their legs give way under them, and they sink down to the ground, and their hands are laid upon their bodies [in pain]. …… My mind hath remembered, going back to former time, when I had an advocate, to the time of the gods, and of the Ibis-god, and of the chief Kher-heb priest I-em-hetep, the son of Ptah of his Southern Wall."

Then [Matar] set out on his journey, and he returned to me straightway. He gave me instruction concerning the increase of Hapi, and told me all things which men had written concerning it, …… And he said unto me: "There is a city in the middle of the stream wherefrom Hapi maketh his appearance; 'Abu' was its name in the beginning; it is the City of the Beginning, …… 'The two Qerti' is the name of the water, and they are the two breasts from which every good thing cometh forth (?)."

Now my heart was very happy when I heard these things, and I entered into [the temple of Khnemu]. The overseers unrolled the documents which were fastened up, the water of purification was sprinkled [upon me], a progress was made [through] the secret places, and a great offering [consisting] of bread-cakes, beer, geese, oxen (or, bulls), and beautiful things of all kinds were offered to the gods and goddesses who dwell in Abu, whose names are proclaimed at the place [which is called], "Couch of the heart in life and power."

And I found the God standing in front of me, and I made him to be at peace with me by means of the thank-offering which I offered unto him, and I made prayer and supplication before him. Then he opened his eyes, and his heart was inclined [to hear] me, and his words were strong [when he said], "I am Khnemu, who fashioned thee. My two hands were about thee and knitted together thy body, and made healthy thy members; and it is I who gave thee thy heart. Yet the minerals (or, precious stones) [lie] under each other, [and they have done so] from olden time, and no man hath worked them in order to build the houses of the god, or to restore those which have fallen into ruin, or to hew out shrines for the gods of the South and of the North, or to do what he ought to do for his lord, notwithstanding that I am the Lord and the Creator. …… I will make Hap (i.e., the Nile) rise for thee, and [in] no year shall [he] fail, and he shall spread himself out in rest upon every land. …… The people shall be filled, verily to their hearts' desire, and everyone. Misery shall pass away, and the emptiness of their store-houses of grain shall come to an end."

Then I woke up at [the mention of] crops, my heart (or, courage) came [back], and was equal to my [former] despair, and I made the following decree in the temple of my father Khnemu:-- The king giveth an offering to Khnemu the Lord of the city of Qebhet, the Governor of Ta-Sti, in return for those things which thou hast done for me. There shall be given unto thee on thy right hand [the river bank] of Manu, and on thy left hand the river bank of Abu, together with the land about the city, for a space of twenty measures, on the east side and on the west side, with the gardens, and the river front everywhere throughout the region included in these measures. From every husbandman who tilleth the ground, and maketh to live again the slain, and placeth water upon the river banks and all the islands which are in front of the region of these measures, shall be demanded a further contribution from the growing crops and from every storehouse, as thy share.

"Whatsoever is caught in the nets by every fisherman and by every fowler, and whatsoever is taken by the catchers of fish, and by the snarers of birds, and by every hunter of wild animals, and by every man who snareth lions in the mountains, when these things enter [the city] one tenth of them shall be demanded.

"And of all the calves which are cast throughout the regions which are included in these measures, one tenth of their number shall be set apart as animals which are sealed for all the burnt offerings which are offered up daily.

"And I will give unto thee the land belonging to the city, which beareth stones, and good land for cultivation. Nothing thereof shall be [diminished] or withheld, of all these things in order to deceive the scribes, and the revenue officers, and the inspectors of the king, on whom it shall be incumbent to certify everything.

"And a copy of this decree shall be inscribed upon a stele, [which shall be set up] in the holy place, according to the writing of the [original] document which is cut upon wood, and [figures of] this god and the overseers of the temple shall be [cut] thereon. Whosoever shall spit upon that which is on it shall be admonished by the rope. And the overseers of the priests, and every overseer of the people of the House of the God, shall ensure the perpetuation of my name in the House of the god Khnemu-Ra, the lord of Abu (Elephantine), for ever."

〔据布奇 1912 年英译;原书脚注与方括号内的补字说明不录,电子本于换行处散落的引号亦不录。〕

白话直译

逐句对应的现代汉语直译,力求不增益、不修饰。

在荷鲁斯「奈切尔-哈特」、上下埃及之王「奈切尔-哈特」、乌阿吉特与奈赫贝特两圣地之主「奈切尔-哈特」、金荷鲁斯「切塞尔」(Tcheser)的第十八年,马塔(Matar)任哈亲王、埃尔帕,兼南方各神庙城的首长、阿布(Abtu)地面肯提(Khenti)人的统领——这时有一道王室诏书送到他那里:「此诏告知你:我坐在大王座上,忧愁抓住了我,为的是那些住在『大屋』里的人。我心里极其悲苦,因为有一件极大的灾祸〔临到了〕:哈皮(Hapi,即尼罗河)在我治下没有涨到〔应有的〕高度,已经七年。粮食极少,蔬菜全无,人吃的一切东西都断了,如今每个人都抢他的邻人。人想走路,却迈不动;孩子啼哭,年轻人拖着腿挪;老年人的心被绝望压碎,两条腿撑不住,倒在地上,两手按在自己身上〔作痛〕。……我心里想起从前的时候,那时我还有一个代言人,想起神的时代,想起伊比斯神,想起首席赫-赫布祭司伊姆霍特普(I-em-hetep),普塔(Ptah)之子,居于他的南墙。」

马塔于是动身上路,很快就回来见我。他把尼罗河上涨的事教给了我,把人们所写下的关于这事的一切都告诉了我……他对我说:「有一城在河流当中,哈皮从那里现身;起初它的名字叫『阿布』(Abu);它是『起始之城』……『两个凯尔提』(Qerti)是那水的名字,一切好东西都是从这两个乳房里出来的。」

我听见这些事,心里非常欢喜,就进了〔克努姆的庙〕。管事的人把封着的卷册摊开,净水洒〔在我身上〕,众人列队穿过那些隐秘的地方,一份大祭品〔包括〕饼、啤酒、鹅、牛(或作公牛),以及各样美好的东西,献给了住在阿布的神与女神——他们的名字在那个叫作「生命与能力中安歇之心」的地方被宣告出来。

我看见那位神站在我面前,我用所献的谢祭使他与我和好,在他面前祈祷恳求。他睁开了眼,他的心倾向〔听〕我,他的话很有力〔地说〕:「我是克努姆,是我造了你。我两只手围着你,把你的身体缝拢起来,把你的肢体做得健全;是我给了你心。然而那矿石(或作宝石)一层压着一层,〔从古以来〕就如此,却没有人开采它们去为神修房子,没有人去修复那些塌了的,没有人去为南北两地的神凿出神龛,也没有人替他的主人做他该做的事——尽管我是主人,是造物者。……我要为你使哈皮(即尼罗河)上涨,没有一年会缺,他会安安稳稳地铺展在每一片土地上。……人民必得饱足,真到他们心里所愿的,每一个人都如此。苦难必过去,他们粮仓空下去的日子必结束。」

这时我在〔听到〕庄稼的话里醒过来,我的心(或作胆气)回来了,与我〔先前〕的绝望相抵,我就在我父亲克努姆的庙里立下这道敕令:——国王向克努姆献上一份祭品,他是凯贝赫特(Qebhet)城之主、塔-斯提(Ta-Sti)的统领,这是为了你为我所做的那些事。要把马努(Manu)那边的河岸给你,做你的右手;把阿布那边的河岸给你,做你的左手;连同城周围的土地,方圆二十舍努斯(schoinos),东岸西岸,连着园子,以及这一片区域里各处的河岸。凡在这片区域耕田的人——他们把被水淹死(或作:使死者复活)的土地重新养活,把水放进河岸和这一片区域前面的各岛——都要从青苗和每一座仓里再拿出一份来,作你的一份。

「渔人、捕鸟的人、捉鱼的人、张网捕鸟的人、猎野兽的人,以及在山里套狮子的人,凡网里所获、手中所得,带进城来,都要从其中抽十分之一。

「这一片区域里所有生下来的小牛,要按数目取十分之一,封起来,作每天献上的燔祭所用的牲口。

「我还要把城里那片有石头、也宜于耕种的土地给你。这些东西一样也不许〔短少〕,不许有人窝藏起来去蒙骗书吏、税吏和国王的监察——他们负有核定这一切的责任。

「这道敕令要照那份刻在木头上的〔原件〕的写法,抄一份刻在石碑上,〔立〕在圣所里,上面要〔刻上〕这位神和神庙管事者的像。谁往碑上的字吐唾沫,就要用绳子教训他。管祭司的人,和管神家之民的人,都要使我的名字在克努姆-拉(Khnemu-Ra)——阿布(象岛)之主——的神庙里留到永远。」

AI 重述

以原文为骨架的文学重述。情节与结局依原典,仅语言与叙事视角重写。

第十八年,尼罗河没有涨。这是第七年。

河床露在外面,白得刺眼;船搁在泥里,像谁丢下的骨头。粮仓的门一扇扇打开,里面出来的是风。孩子哭,老人坐在墙根,腿撑不住身子,手按在胸口;路上开始有人抢邻人的东西。

国王坐在大王座上,把这件事写成一道诏书,发往南方。他问的是两个问题:尼罗河从哪里出来?哪一个神管着它?奉命的马塔动身去了,回来时把事情说了:河从河中央那座城出来,城起初叫阿布;那里有两道水口,一切好东西都从那里出来。管着那个口子的,是克努姆。

国王听见,就进了克努姆的庙。管事的人把封着的卷册摊开,净水洒在他身上,他献上饼、啤酒、鹅、牛。

神站在他面前,先说了自己是谁:是我造了你,两只手围着你,把你的身子缝拢,把心给了你。然后神说了另一件事——从很古的时候起,山里的石头就一层压着一层,可是没有人开采它们去给神修房子,没有人去修那些塌了的,没有人替他的主人做他该做的事,尽管他是主人,是造物者。

接着是许诺:我要为你叫尼罗河涨起来,一年也不缺,他会安稳地铺展在每一片土地上;人民会吃饱,粮仓空下去的日子会结束。

国王醒过来,心定了,当场立下敕令。河两岸的土地、园子、河岸,方圆二十舍努斯,归克努姆;这片地方种田的人,要从青苗和每一座仓里再拿出一份,作神的一份。渔人、捕鸟的、捉鱼的、猎兽的、在山里套狮子的,凡是带进城的,抽十分之一。这一带生下的小牛,十头取一头,封起来,供每天献的燔祭。金、象牙、乌木、香料、木材,凡南方人、岛上人、埃及人带进来的,同样抽十分之一。

敕令里还写了一句像是提前堵后门的话:这些东西一样也不许短少,不许窝藏起来蒙骗书吏、税吏和国王的监察。

末尾说的是这块石头本身:敕令要照刻在木上的原件的写法,抄一份刻在石碑上,立在圣所里;谁往上面吐唾沫,就用绳子教训他。管神庙的人,要让国王的名字在克努姆-拉的神庙里留到永远。

按语

编纂者就该条所见母题、异文与流传所作的说明。

这一条的「约」是一份有条款的合同。 F03 现有三条里,qx-0072 亚伯拉罕献以撒、qx-0082 虹之约都是神先开口——神命令,或神单方面许诺,人只是被点到的一方。埃及这条不一样:饥荒是谈判的起因,约是谈出来的。神的抱怨很具体——矿石一直压在山里,没有人拿它去修神的房子、修那些塌了的、凿神龛;换句话说,人类欠着该尽的份。国王的做法是先把祭献上(饼、啤酒、鹅、牛),换得神开口,再把「你的一份」写成条文:十分之一的渔获、十分之一的牛犊、十分之一的象牙乌木香料,以及每天不断的燔祭。敕令的第一句就把对价关系讲明了——「in return for those things which thou hast done for me」。它不是祈祷,是结算。

失信的是人,而且写进了条文。 这是 F03 里最少被写明的一层。虹之约(qx-0082)里人根本没有义务可违背,神单方面挂起虹来;亚伯拉罕(qx-0072)里人守住命令、神最后自己拦下刀。埃及这条反过来:神指控人先断了供奉(「no man hath worked them…… notwithstanding that I am the Lord and the Creator」),于是尼罗河七年不涨。更值得记的是敕令中途那句防作弊的条文:不许短少、不许窝藏起来蒙骗书吏、税吏和国王的监察——起草者已经在预设下一代人会赖账,所以先把惩罚条款和监察人写进去。一份需要预先防伪的契约,说明立约双方的信任何其薄。

代价落在谁身上:不是一个人,是一份永久税。 三个兄弟条目里,代价的落点各不相同:亚伯拉罕那里代价被神自己取消(刀被拦下,约却立住了);伊菲革涅亚(qx-0073)是一个女儿被交出去,一次性付清;虹之约里人一方不承担任何东西。埃及这条落在全体居民和他们的后代身上——先是七年饥荒由所有人一起熬(孩子哭、老人倒地、人抢邻人),然后是和解的价款:从每一片田、每一网鱼、每一头牛犊、每一批象牙香料里抽十分之一,作「每天献上」的燔祭,并且「for ever」。这就是 F03 说的「代价后延」最literal 的一种形态:不是某个替罪者被献出去,而是一个族群的产出被永久切走一块,并且这份义务随石碑交给后人。若把三条并列看,F03 的「代价」可以落在神自己(取消)、一个替身(献出)、或一整代人及其子孙(长期摊派)——埃及提供的是第三种,也是唯一一种不需要流血的。

文本问题,必须说清。 这块石刻在今天阿斯旺南边的塞赫勒岛(布奇写作 Sahal)上,1889 年由美国人威尔伯(C. E. Wilbour)偶然发现,文字不是刻进去的,而是用钝凿子「敲」在石面上,某些光线下站在跟前也看不见;1891 年布鲁格施(Brugsch)刊出转写与德译。布奇自己在导论里就断言:字形与拼法表明它是托勒密朝某人把它敲上去的,不是第三王朝的东西。也就是说,这份「古约」的成文年代比它自称的年代晚了约两千年,而出资刻它的多半就是克努姆的祭司——因为碑文后半段正好是一份详细的通行税与什一税清单。这个成书背景本身就是 F03 的一部分:一份以神的名义追认的永久征税权,需要一则「当年神与人立过约」的故事作凭据。另外,七年饥荒在古代近东是共通的套语(布奇自己就举了《创世记》的七年和阿拉伯史家的记载),不能因为有七年就把这条和约瑟的故事连起来读。

词语与译本限度。 克努姆(Khnemu)是第一瀑布一带的造物神,布奇在本卷他处注明他是「造人者、造神者、起初就有的父」;他与拉合流后作克努姆-拉。文中的 Hapi 指尼罗河,不是河神的名字。稍需留意的是人称:敕令通篇是国王的第一人称,而开头那道诏书又写作「告知你(马塔)」,中间「他回来见我」的「我」只能指国王——布奇的译本在这里并未理顺,方括号里的 [Matar] 是他补的主语。最后照例说明:这是 1912 年的释读与英译,其中不少读法今日已有修正,引用时以「据布奇译本」为准。

同母题 · 他文化

参见