qx-0095 · 凯尔特
马思的侄子三年变形
一根法杖判了三年,鹿、猪、狼,每年多一个孩子
原文影录
原文已校照录公版文本,不改一字。异体字与阙文一仍其旧。
出 马比诺吉昂 · 《马比诺吉昂》第四支〈马思之子马思〉 · 译者 夏洛特·格斯特(Lady Charlotte Guest / Schreiber),1838—1845 英译 · 核校出处
“Lord,” said Goewin, “seek now another to hold thy feet, for I am now a wife.” “What meaneth this?” said he. “An attack, lord, was made unawares upon me; but I held not my peace, and there was no one in the Court who knew not of it. Now the attack was made by thy nephews, lord, the sons of thy sister, Gwydion the son of Don, and Gilvaethwy the son of Don; unto me they did wrong, and unto thee dishonour.” “Verily,” he exclaimed, “I will do to the utmost of my power concerning this matter. But first I will cause thee to have compensation, and then will I have amends made unto myself. As for thee, I will take thee to be my wife, and the possession of my dominions will I give unto thy hands.”
……
“By my will I would not have lost my warriors, and so many arms as I have done. You cannot compensate me my shame, setting aside the death of Pryderi. But since ye come hither to be at my will, I shall begin your punishment forthwith.”
Then he took his magic wand, and struck Gilvaethwy, so that he became a deer, and he seized upon the other hastily lest he should escape from him. And he struck him with the same magic wand, and he became a deer also. “Since now ye are in bonds, I will that ye go forth together and be companions, and possess the nature of the animals whose form ye bear. And this day twelvemonth come hither unto me.”
At the end of a year from that day, lo there was a loud noise under the chamber wall, and the barking of the dogs of the palace together with the noise. “Look,” said he, “what is without.” “Lord,” said one, “I have looked; there are there two deer, and a fawn with them.” Then he arose and went out. And when he came he beheld the three animals. And he lifted up his wand. “As ye were deer last year, be ye wild hogs each and either of you, for the year that is to come.” And thereupon he struck them with the magic wand. “The young one will I take and cause to be baptized.” Now the name that he gave him was Hydwn. “Go ye and be wild swine, each and either of you, and be ye of the nature of wild swine. And this day twelvemonth be ye here under the wall.”
At the end of the year the barking of dogs was heard under the wall of the chamber. And the Court assembled, and thereupon he arose and went forth, and when he came forth he beheld three beasts. Now these were the beasts that he saw; two wild hogs of the woods, and a well-grown young one with them. And he was very large for his age. “Truly,” said Math, “this one will I take and cause to be baptized.” And he struck him with his magic wand, and he become a fine fair auburn-haired youth, and the name that he gave him was Hychdwn. “Now as for you, as ye were wild hogs last year, be ye wolves each and either of you for the year that is to come.” Thereupon he struck them with his magic wand, and they became wolves. “And be ye of like nature with the animals whose semblance ye bear, and return here this day twelvemonth beneath this wall.”
And at the same day at the end of the year, he heard a clamour and a barking of dogs under the wall of the chamber. And he rose and went forth. And when he came, behold, he saw two wolves, and a strong cub with them. “This one will I take,” said Math, “and I will cause him to be baptized; there is a name prepared for him, and that is Bleiddwn. Now these three, such are they:—
The three sons of Gilvaethwy the false,
The three faithful combatants,
Bleiddwn, Hydwn, and Hychdwn the Tall.”
Then he struck the two with his magic wand, and they resumed their own nature. “Oh men,” said he, “for the wrong that ye did unto me sufficient has been your punishment and your dishonour. Prepare now precious ointment for these men, and wash their heads, and equip them.”
以上据 Project Gutenberg 电子文本 #5160(Lady Charlotte Guest 英译《The Mabinogion》,1838—1845),第四支〈Math the Son of Mathonwy〉;段间删节用 …… 标示。
白话直译
逐句对应的现代汉语直译,力求不增益、不修饰。
「主上,」戈伊温说,「现在另找一个人来给你搁脚罢,因为我现在是妻子了。」「这是什么意思?」他说。「冷不防有人袭击了我,主上;我没有一声不响,宫里没有一个人不知道这件事。袭击我的人是主上的外甥,你姊妹的儿子,唐的儿子格温迪恩和唐的儿子吉尔法思威;他们对我做了错事,也羞辱了你。」「说实话,」他喊道,「这件事我要尽我的力量去办。不过我先给你补偿,然后才为我自己讨回公道。至于你,我要娶你为妻,把我的君权交到你手里。」
(这一夜格斯特本没有正面直写:上文只说吉尔法思威占了马思的卧榻,把别的侍女不客气地赶出房间,让戈伊温不情愿地留下。强暴这件事是由戈伊温自己说出来的——「冷不防有人袭击了我」。)
「按我的意愿,我本不愿损失我的战士,以及我损失掉的那么多兵器。你们补偿不了我的羞辱,且不说普里德里的死。但既然你们是来听凭我处置的,我这就开始你们的刑罚。」
于是他拿起法杖,打吉尔法思威,他就变成了一头鹿(deer);他又急忙抓住另一个,怕他逃走,用同一根法杖打他,他也变成了一头鹿。「既然你们如今身在束缚之中,我要你们一同出去,做同伴,并且具有你们所顶的形状那种动物的天性。明年的今天,到我这里来。」
从那天起满了一年,卧室墙下有很大的响动,王宫的狗也跟着叫。「看,」他说,「外面是什么。」「主上,」一个人说,「我看过了;那里有两头鹿,还带着一头小鹿(fawn)。」于是他起身出去,到了那里,看见那三只动物。他举起法杖。「你们去年是鹿,明年这一年,你们各自做野猪(wild hogs)。」于是他用法杖打它们。「小的我要收下,叫人给他受洗。」他给他取的名字是海德温(Hydwn)。「你们去,各自做野猪(wild swine),具有野猪的天性。明年的今天,你们要在这堵墙下。」
到了年底,卧室墙下传来狗吠。宫廷的人都聚拢来,他起身出去;出来的时候,他看见三只兽。他看见的是这些:两只林中野猪,还带着一头长成的幼崽,按年纪算它非常大。「真的,」马思说,「这一个我要收下,叫人给他受洗。」他用法杖打他,他就变成一个漂亮、白皙、赤褐色头发的青年,他给他取的名字是海赫德温(Hychdwn)。「至于你们两个,去年你们是野猪,明年这一年,你们各自做狼(wolves)。」于是他用法杖打它们,它们变成了狼。「你们要和你们所顶的形状那种动物天性相同,明年的今天回到这堵墙下面来。」
到了这一年同一天,他听见卧室墙下一片喧哗和狗吠。他起身出去。他到了那里,看见两匹狼,还带着一头强壮的幼崽。「这一个我要收下,」马思说,「我要叫人给他受洗;有一个名字已经为他备好了,那就是布莱德温(Bleiddwn)。这三个,就是这样:——吉尔法思威那骗子的三个儿子,三个忠诚的战士,布莱德温、海德温、海赫德温。」然后他用法杖打那两个,他们恢复了自己本来的天性。「啊,人们,」他说,「你们对我做的错事,你们所受的刑罚和羞辱已经够了。现在给这两个人备下贵重的药膏,给他们洗头,给他们着装。」
几处用词照录译文:三处变形格斯特一律写 deer、wild hogs(wild swine)、wolves,没有区分雌雄;「受洗」(baptized)在这里是给三个孩子命名、收进人族谱的意思;「他就变成一个漂亮……的青年」原文作 become,当是 became 之误,此处一仍电子文本;三个孩子的名字在文本里作 Hydwn、Hychdwn、Bleiddwn。
AI 重述
以原文为骨架的文学重述。情节与结局依原典,仅语言与叙事视角重写。
戈伊温说那句话的时候,马思正要坐下。
除非双脚搁在一个处女的膝上,他活不下去——这是他的天性,只有打仗的时候才能免掉。给他搁脚的是佩宾的女儿戈伊温,阿封一带最漂亮的姑娘。她说:主上,另找个人给你搁脚罢,我现在是妻子了。
她说,有一天夜里,冷不防有人袭击了她。她没有沉默,宫里没有一个人不知道这件事。做这件事的是他的外甥,他姊妹的儿子,格温迪恩和吉尔法思威。
事情的起头是猪。吉尔法思威爱上了戈伊温,爱得形容都改了,瘦得人认不出。他哥哥格温迪恩看出来了,替他想了个办法:南边新来了一种叫「猪」的牲畜,到那里去把它们弄到手——只有一场战事才能把马思从宫里引开。办法成了,代价是南方的君主普里德里死在阵上。夜里,两兄弟回了一趟圭内斯的宫城,吉尔法思威占了马思的卧榻,把别的侍女赶出去,只让戈伊温不情愿地留下。
战事完了,马思回到自己的房间。听完戈伊温的话,他说:先给你补偿,再替我自己讨回公道。他娶了她,把君权交到她手里。
然后轮到那两个外甥。他们躲到没有人肯给他们饭吃的境地,最后自己走了回来,站在他面前说:我们听凭你处置。马思说:我失去的战士和兵器,你们补不回来;你们也补不回我的羞辱——且不说普里德里的死。既然你们来了,我这就开始行刑。
他拿起法杖,打吉尔法思威,他成了一头鹿;又急忙按住另一个,用同一根法杖打下去,他也成了一头鹿。他说:你们俩一起走,做同伴,把你们所顶的形状的天性一并拿去;明年的今天,回到我这里来。
一年之后,宫墙下响起狗吠。他出去,看见两头鹿,带着一头小鹿。他叫人给小鹿受洗,取名海德温。然后他对那两头说:去年你们是鹿,今年做野猪。又说了一遍:去做野猪,明年今天回到这堵墙下。
又一年,宫墙下狗吠,他出去,看见两只林中野猪,带着一头长得很壮的幼崽。他叫人给小猪受洗,取名海赫德温。然后对那两头说:去年你们是野猪,明年做狼。它们就成了狼。
第三年,他看见两匹狼,带着一头壮实的幼崽。他说:这一个我也要收下,名字已经备好了,叫布莱德温。三个孩子是这样记下来的:吉尔法思威那骗子的三个儿子,三个忠诚的战士,布莱德温、海德温、海赫德温。
他再举法杖,打那两兄弟,他们恢复了本来的形状。他说:你们对我做的错事,罚到这个地步,羞辱也够了。给这两人备下贵重的药膏,替他们洗头,替他们着装。
都做完了,他对他们说:你们得了安宁,也会得到友谊。给我出个主意,我该去找哪个姑娘。
按语
编纂者就该条所见母题、异文与流传所作的说明。
母题定位。 本条落在 D01「人化为物」,给这一目补上第四个文化圈——凯尔特(此前是中国、希腊、希伯来)。按 content/tales/ 下真实的 front matter,D01 现有的条目是:qx-0030 精卫填海(中国,主挂 D02)、qx-0031 达佛涅(希腊)、qx-0032 阿拉克涅(希腊)、qx-0034 蚕马(中国,主挂 D01)、qx-0043 罗得的妻子(希伯来,主挂 F02)。本条的变形是三段式、有期限的:鹿一年,猪一年,狼一年,期满恢复人形。
同是「人化为物」,一个当终点,一个当刑期。 希腊那两条都是单程。达佛涅在最后一刻求神把自己变成月桂,追逐当场失去对象;阿拉克涅织赢了雅典娜,被变成蜘蛛,手艺留下,人不再是人。变形结束了她们的处境。这一条的变形不结束任何事,它是一段被规定好的时间——马思在判决里就把期限写明了(「明年的今天,到我这里来」),每一次变形都以「回来」为条件。达佛涅变成树之后,没有谁把她变回来;吉尔法思威和格温迪恩变成鹿的那一刻,判决里已经含着一个到期日。
谁在变:法官的刑罚,还是被告的手段。 这里的施变者是审判者,法杖就是刑具。可与 qx-0070 忒提斯对勘,但先说清:那一条属 D03「变形逃逸」,不是 D01 的兄弟条目。忒提斯变成火、水和野兽,是自己动手,为了不被抓住,佩琉斯一直抱到她恢复原形。一个用变形逃,一个用变形罚——同一种手艺,一边是被追者的武器,一边是审判者的判决。
变形与谱系。 两兄弟以兽身相处,每年带回一头幼崽;三个孩子随后被马思「受洗」取名,进入人的名册,诗里还把他们一并记作吉尔法思威的儿子。这里的变形不离谱系,是族谱之内的一段刑期;而 qx-0043 里罗得的妻子变成盐柱,正典连名字都没有给她,她从此不在任何谱系里。一个是挨了判决仍留在族中,一个是被移出叙述。判决还有一个细节:原文让两个共犯变成同一种动物,从不区分谁是谁,直到最后那三行诗才把三个孩子一齐算在吉尔法思威名下。
文本问题。 本篇是四支《马比诺吉昂》里神怪色彩最重的一支:法杖、变形、以兽身得子的组合,在中世纪威尔士的基督教抄写框架里并不协调。格斯特(Lady Charlotte Guest,后署 Schreiber)1838—1845 年的英译是这一支最早的完整英译,也是今天公版可用的那一本;她的译文后来被更精确的译本取代(如 Patrick Ford、Sioned Davies 的译本),用词与断句都有差别,本条只能代表格斯特本。另须指出:格斯特的英译在三处都没有标出雌雄,只作 deer、wild hogs(wild swine)、wolves;「一公一母」是从「每年带回一头幼崽」这个情节推出来的,不是译文说出来的。这段情节也常被读作「以动物为替身赎罪」的仪式残留,但那属于后世的解读,文本本身只说一根法杖和三年期限。